{"id":143,"date":"2011-07-08T14:53:21","date_gmt":"2011-07-08T14:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/?page_id=143"},"modified":"2011-07-11T14:51:55","modified_gmt":"2011-07-11T14:51:55","slug":"quotation-bank","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/materials-to-support-your-studies\/quotation-bank\/","title":{"rendered":"Quotation Bank"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Please find below a copy of Ryan Kemp&#8217;s excellent quotation bank from 2010<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">(You all owe him a drink)&#8230;\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Serfdom<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nicholas I \u201cevil, palpable and oblivious to everyone\u201d<\/li>\n<li>80-90% of Russians serfs<\/li>\n<li>KD Kavelin, Russian professor 1856 \u201cthe garden knot which ties together all our afflictions\u201d<\/li>\n<li>51 million serfs in Russia not citizens but property &#8211;\u00a0 no rights, forcing them to marry, be beaten, bought and sold and exiled at the landlord\u2019s discretion<\/li>\n<li>Terrible system: number of incidents. Armed force used 185 times between 1856 and 1860<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Emancipation<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alexander II \u201cit is better to begin abolishing serfdom from above than to wait for it to begin abolishing itself from below\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Peasants farmed 20% less land after emancipation<\/li>\n<li>Army service 27 years before, 15 after emancipation, 6 on active service<\/li>\n<li>Count Tolstoy \u201cTsar Liberator\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Historian Westwood \u201cwith the possible exception of Khrushchev, no other Russian ruler did so much to reduce the suffering of the Russian people\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Mosse \u201cAlexander proved himself a disappointing liberal and a inefficient autocrat\u201d<\/li>\n<li>JAS Grenville \u201ca cruel joke\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Failure for the landowners: 248 million roubles used on debts<\/li>\n<li>Redemption cost in black soil roubles was 341 for land value of 289<\/li>\n<li>redemption payments over 49 years, by 1870 only 55% even be able to begin paying<\/li>\n<li>1861: 449 serious incidents of rioting<\/li>\n<li>1861- 1905 average land owned by nobles fell by 41%<\/li>\n<li>700 000 former manorial and military serfs received no land at all<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Vyshnegradski<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rural population rose from 50 million to 103 million between 1860 \u2013 1914, 1 million a year growth<\/li>\n<li>Durnovo attributed the slogan \u201cwe shall export and go hungry\u201d to him<\/li>\n<li>Colypin: 400 000 deaths<\/li>\n<li>Bromley: 4 million<\/li>\n<li>Grain exports increase by 18%<\/li>\n<li>850 000 moved to West Siberia between 1895 and 1905<\/li>\n<li>Alexander III: Land captains to oversee the mirs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Stolypin<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Land held by peasantry in 1877 31%, 1917: 47%<\/li>\n<li>1907 \u2013 1916 2.5 million households left the repression of the mir<\/li>\n<li>Number of households becoming independent: 1907: 48 271 1908: 508 344<\/li>\n<li>Machinery appears: 66 000 reapers in Russia, 36 000 in western Siberia<\/li>\n<li>Factory production increases from 13 million roubles to 60 million between 1900-1913<\/li>\n<li>Trebilcock: increased the purchasing power of 160 million peasants by 15%<\/li>\n<li>Wanted to create a \u201cconservative bulwark of the status quo\u201d according to R Hugley<\/li>\n<li>Stolypin \u201cthe government has wagered on the strong and sensible\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Migration encouraged, 2 million migrate between 1906-1909<\/li>\n<li>Political power further restricted by electoral changes to the Duma<\/li>\n<li>Increase in production of some 27% between late 1890s and period 1909-1913<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">First World War<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>9, 150 000 killed, 76.3% of those mobilised vast majority are peasants<\/li>\n<li>First decree of Sovnarkhum 6<sup>th<\/sup> Nov 1917: 540 million acres of land given to peasants from landowners<\/li>\n<li>Lenin wrote \u201cwe must give complete freedom to the peasants to proceed with agrarian revolution in their own way\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">War Communism<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pravda: 25 million below subsistence levels<\/li>\n<li>Figes \u201cthe people\u2019s tragedy\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Lenin \u201ccrusade of iron detachments\u201d to get grain, some as large as 45 000 men<\/li>\n<li>Between 1913 and 1922<\/li>\n<li>Grain harvest 80.1 \u2013 50.3 millions of ton<\/li>\n<li>50% still farm by hand, 20% with wooden plough<\/li>\n<li>Figes \u201cby March 1921 soviet power in much of the countryside had ceased to exist\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Crop area fallen by 20%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">NEP<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acton \u201cgolden age of the peasant\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Grain production 1920: 58% to 1926: 96% of 1913 level and few rural disturbances<\/li>\n<li>Peasant co operatives grew from 14 \u2013 18 million members indicating greater efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Stalin\u2019s collectivisation<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 million tons short of grain required to feed the cities<\/li>\n<li>Party conference of October 1927 \u201cdecisive offensive against the kulaks\u201d \u201cliquidate the kulaks as a class\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Stalin \u201cthe collective farm policy was a terrible struggle&#8230; it was fearful. Four years it lasted\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Issac Deutscher \u201cthe first man made famine in history\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Stalin \u201cTransformation of our country from an agrarian to an industrial one\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Robert Conquest: 15 million deaths<\/li>\n<li>1929: 75% peasants, 1960s: 30%, massive social change<\/li>\n<li>Number of pigs falls from 26 to 13.6 million in between 1928 and 1930<\/li>\n<li>Russian female peasant\u00a0 \u201cyou won\u2019t have it the flames will have it\u201d from account of Victor Kravchenko<\/li>\n<li>AGR Smith \u201csecond serfdom\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Chris Ward \u201cno one could challenge the assertion that collectivisation was a tremendous national tragedy\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Consumption of meat per person fell from 25 kilos to 13 whilst cattle fell from 70 to 34 million in between 1928 and 1932<\/li>\n<li>Lynch \u201ca large proportion of the Soviet people were sacrificed on the altar of Stalin\u2019s reputation\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Grain enjoyed a 9% growth rate 1939-1941<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">GPW<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mc Cauley 70 000 Mir\/Kolkozy destroyed, 1\/3 under Nazi rule \u2013 8 million die<\/li>\n<li>Death rate for 8 nations. 47% for deported nations, \u00bd million died<\/li>\n<li>Gestapo killed 90 000 at reprisal at Odessa<\/li>\n<li>Greater destruction that the First World War<\/li>\n<li>1945: 100 million acres less than before outbreak of war<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Khrushchev<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>32 million acres under collectivisation by 1955 in Siberia\/Kazakhstan<\/li>\n<li>1956 \u2013 50% of total grain harvest<\/li>\n<li>Sympathised with farmers, talked to them, first peasant born leader<\/li>\n<li>30% of produce from 3% of privately owned land<\/li>\n<li>40% of population still worked land, far more in other countries<\/li>\n<li>Higher prices paid for produce and effort to eradicate rural poverty<\/li>\n<li>500 000 volunteers went West with huge mechanised resources, very different to Stalin and Lenin<\/li>\n<li>1963 harvest failure in Kazakhstan and traditional grain growing areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Industry Quote Bank<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Tsarism<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1855 pop: 70 million, by 1897 126 million<\/li>\n<li>Trade difficult: in 1855 not one port ice free all year round. FIND OTHER GEOGRAPHICALLY SIMILARITIES<\/li>\n<li>Command economy created before Stalin, always designed to protect Russia rather than the ordinary Russians<\/li>\n<li>1855: only 1.6% of population in towns and cities<\/li>\n<li>1914: only 2.5 million industrial workers<\/li>\n<li>1939: 56 million people<\/li>\n<li>Peasants flocking to towns and cities unplanned, unlike under Communism, where centres such as Magnitogorsk planned with determination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Reutern (Alexander II)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Railways 1600km in 1861, 22 000 by 1878<\/li>\n<li>Rail traffic x 4 between 1865 \u2013 75<\/li>\n<li>1866 \u2013 1883 tonnage of freight increased eightfold<\/li>\n<li>Foreign investment in 1870s only 100 million roubles<\/li>\n<li>Vodka tax reformed (40% of revenue) made cheaper for peasantry<\/li>\n<li>Banks: precious metal resources only 10.6% value of notes in circulation, by 1876 Reutern improves this to 29%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bung and Vyshnegradskii<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vyshnegradskii raised import duties by 33% in 1891<\/li>\n<li>Grain exports raised by 18% as part of \u201cexport and go hungry\u201d<\/li>\n<li>M Falkus pre Witte industry as \u201cpockets in a rural economy\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Witte- \u201cthe great spurt\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>By 1914 the world\u2019s 5<sup>th <\/sup>\u00a0biggest\u00a0 industrial power<\/li>\n<li>Growth rate in 1890s just over 8%<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201c(then) our economic backwardness may lead to politcal and cultural backwardness as well\u201d \u2013 Witte<\/li>\n<li>1900 nearly half of company capital came from abroad<\/li>\n<li>269 foreign industries by end of century, all but 12 founded after 1888<\/li>\n<li>Value output of all industry doubled in ten years + worker force of 3 million<\/li>\n<li>Railway construction second only to US<\/li>\n<li>Increased foreign investment from 26% in 1890 to 41% by 1915<\/li>\n<li>Value of imports rose from 651.4 million roubles in 1904 to 1106.4 mil roubles<\/li>\n<li>Pop of Petersburg in 1881 928,000 increases to 2,217,500 by 1914<\/li>\n<li>Coal increases from 5.9 million tons in 1890 to 16.1 by 1900,<\/li>\n<li>Railway track 23.6 in 1881 to 56.4 by 1901 (km 000s) more than any other country<\/li>\n<li>Russia\u2019s national income grew by 50% (1894 to 1913) compared to 52% and 58% in France and Germany but 70% in UK<\/li>\n<li>Dependence on foreign capital: 1901-2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2400 firms collapse<\/li>\n<li>1900: Russia leading oil producer, 1913 only a third of the US<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Military preparedness<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4 million lost in first 12 months<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>First 5 months, 25% of mobilised army killed<\/li>\n<li>Russian general \u201cin recent battles a third of men had no rifles\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Coal output: 1880-1884 4 million tons to 27 million tons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Condition of the workers<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alexander II:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cout of 181 industry enterprises inspected, only 71 getting correct wages\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201csanitary condition of workshops is much the same as that of living accommodation, that is for the most part unsatisfactory\u201d \u2013 Moscow factory inspector 1882<\/li>\n<li>150 000 move to Siberia \u2013 internal exile<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alexander III and Nicholas II<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Workers in 1890s, faced the set working day, applications of machines and fines for absence and inefficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Year: 1890: 245 deaths, 3508 injuries<\/li>\n<li>Year: 1910\u00a0 556 deaths, 66608 injuries<\/li>\n<li>1904: average Petersburg apartment: 16 people \u2013 6 per room<\/li>\n<li>Faced instability due to the capitalist trade cycle: for example in 1901 + the diversification of industry after 1905 brought hardships<\/li>\n<li>Strikes peak in 1899- affects 97 000 workers \u00a02 863 000 in 1905, \u00a0and 1 337 000 in 1914<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of cholera, typhus, measles, TB, polio<\/li>\n<li>LENA gold fields massacre: April 1912: crowd of 5000 fired upon, 270 die, 200 wounded<\/li>\n<li>Urbanisation :Robert Service \u2013 by 1913 working class reached 11 million<\/li>\n<li>Over a thousand workers died during 2 weeks of street fighting in Moscow, 1905 when called by the Bolsheviks<\/li>\n<li>\u201cStolypin\u2019s necktie\u201d in 1908 825 terrorists are executed<\/li>\n<li>1861 \u2013 1881 pop. of Moscow rises by 30% &#8211; Eric Wilm <em>\u201cthe majority of these city dwellers lived in squalid conditions\u201d <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201c a combustible situation began to develop between tenants and sweatshops of the industrial centres<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Strike levels in\u00a0 1914 \u2013 1.4 million days lost, 3754 strikes,\u00a0 2401 political<\/li>\n<li>1910-1914 \u2013 proletariat up by 1\/3 \u2013 Hans Rigger \u2013 Moscow 1912 \u2013 average accommodation\u00a0 per apartment is 9 people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Industry Quote Bank<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Communism<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Treaty of Brest Litovsk- loses 25% population, 25% industry,<\/li>\n<li>Sovnarkom: 12<sup>th<\/sup> Nov: decree on work: 8 hr day. 48 hr week<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">War Communism<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflation multiplied 1917 costs by 4 million in 1922 \u2013 was welcomed<\/li>\n<li>Dec 1920 population of 40 capitals fallen by 33% compared to 1917<\/li>\n<li>Petrograd fell by 57.5% and Moscow 44.5%<\/li>\n<li>Index of gross industrial output fell from 100 in 1913 to 31 in 1921<\/li>\n<li>Pop of workers fell from 3 024 000 in 1917, to 1 243 000 in 1922<\/li>\n<li>Percentage of those in town fell from 18% to 16% in same period<\/li>\n<li>By end of 1921 famine threatened over 36 million Russians, by 1922 million already dead<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">NEP<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acton \u201cgolden age of the Russian peasant\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a320 million worth of aid, plus Red Cross= 80 000 tonnes of food<\/li>\n<li>Monthly wage of proles rose from 10.2 roubles in 1921 to 15.9 in 1923<\/li>\n<li>Trotsky \u201cscissors crisis\u201d rising industrial prices and falling agricultural prices<\/li>\n<li>Iron, grain, coal and steel still below 1913 levels<\/li>\n<li>coal goes from 9.5 to 18.1,<\/li>\n<li>steel from 0.4 to 2.1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Five Year Plans<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cWe are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. we must make this distance in ten years, either we do this or they will crush us\u201d Stalin 1928<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthe transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial one\u201d Stalin a \u201ccommand economy\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201cengineers, directing the reconstruction of the human soul\u201d Stalin to writers<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthere is no fortress the Bolsheviks cannot take\u201d Moscow Metro, Magnitogorsk and Dnieprostroi damn given max publicity<\/li>\n<li>Belomor Canal constructed by 300 000 workers without equipment, 72 000 released, rest sent elsewhere<\/li>\n<li>Economic growth rate of 5-6%<\/li>\n<li>Approx 1500 power stations, factories and metalworking plants built in first plan alone<\/li>\n<li>\u201cMagnitogorsk was a city built from scratch\u201d John Scott, pro soviet communist<\/li>\n<li>1940 steel production increased 450%, coal production rose by over 500%, oil doubled, 1940 GNP doubled<\/li>\n<li>Population Growth rate of 12-13% by time of German invasion<\/li>\n<li>Urban working class from 11 million in 1928 to 38 million in 1933 (18% of pop in 1926 to 33% in 1939)<\/li>\n<li>1926 1.8 million students, by 1938-39 this was 12 million<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Limitations <\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cmany thousands of engineers and technologists to distant concentration camps represented a severe loss\u201d Alec Nove<\/li>\n<li>Production figures frequently false \u2013 Eugene Zaleski possibly closest unbiased economic analysis available<\/li>\n<li>Shelia Fitzpatrick \u201cgigantomania\u201d emphasis on quantity over quality<\/li>\n<li>Success not universal, textiles industries destroyed by collectivisation and consumer goods\/lighter industries neglected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Victory in Great Patriotic War<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Germans occupy: 63% of coal production<\/li>\n<li>All men aged 16-55 women 16-45, entire populations to war production<\/li>\n<li>Military share of budget rose from 29% to 57% (by 1942)<\/li>\n<li>Between July n Nov 1941, 1503 industrial units had been moved<\/li>\n<li>\u201cWorkers, office employees, engineers and technicians worked like heroes\u201d GS Kravchenko\u2019s Stalin\u2019s war machine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cost of the war\/ High Stalinism<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPW leaves 36 million dead, 70 000 villages destroyed, according to M Mc Cauley<\/li>\n<li>63 000 km of railway lost, 50% of all urban living space gone, 25 million homeless<\/li>\n<li>Demanded reparations of $10 000 million and stripped industry, plus labour from 2 million German prisoners of war<\/li>\n<li>4<sup>th<\/sup> five year plan (1946-1950) and 5<sup>th<\/sup> five year plan (1951 \u2013 1955), in all major areas 1940 levels of production had been surpassed by some margin<\/li>\n<li>steel: 27.3 compared to 18.3<\/li>\n<li>National income 61% higher than pre war level<\/li>\n<li>Wages nearly twice 1940 level<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Khrushchev<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>105 Sovnarkhoze in\u00a0 1963<\/li>\n<li>15 million new flats<\/li>\n<li>From 1955 to 1966; cars (2 \u2013 5) radios (66 \u2013 171)<\/li>\n<li>But in US cars: (398) radios (1300),<\/li>\n<li>1965: over 4700 scientists, more than any other country: first country in space age<\/li>\n<li>1957: Sputnik first satellite: designed by Korolev, who had been imprisoned by Stalin<\/li>\n<li>Luna I (1959) to Venus, and Mars I (1962) to Mars<\/li>\n<li>12<sup>th<\/sup> April 1961, Yuri Gagarin first man in space<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Condition of the Workers<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Lenin- War Communism<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All inhabitants under 50 forced to join \u201cpersonal labour corps\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201ccivil war sausage\u201d horses disappeared<\/li>\n<li>Wages in 1919 were 2% of 1913 levels<\/li>\n<li>Urban worker spent \u00be of income on food<\/li>\n<li>Freezing winter of 1919-1920, 3000 wooden houses stripped for fuel<\/li>\n<li>\u201cit was almost in ruins, as if a hurricane had swept over it\u201d \u201cthe people walked around living corpses\u201d E Goldman whilst 5000 Bolsheviks lived in Kremlin + best hotels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Stalin\u2019s Five Year Plan<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cyou said that the factory owners, exploited us, but the factory owners did not force us to work in four shifts, and there was enough of everything in the shops\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cYou are bloodsuckers and that\u2019s not all\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthere is nothing the worker needs\u201d REPORT FROM WEAVERS TO FACTORY OWNERS<\/li>\n<li>1929 \u201cuninterrupted week\u201d 1\/5 of workers having their day off, rather than weekends<\/li>\n<li>Absenteeism from work (Nov 1932) punishable by loss of job\/housing, passports in Dec 1932, doubtful canteen and medical attention made up for this<\/li>\n<li>\u201cexistence of rationing, price differences and shortages, but also queues, declines in quality and neglect of consumer requirements\u201d Alex Nove living standards lower<\/li>\n<li>1928-1933, \u201cthe most precipitous decline in living standards known in recorded history\u201d Alec Nove<\/li>\n<li>Real wages in 1937, not more than 85% of 1928 level<\/li>\n<li>Number of workers (1927-32) doubled (11.3 million to 22.8 million)<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0but living space only 16% increase<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201covercrowding, shared kitchens, frayed nerves, limited sanitation and poorly maintained buildings became a way of life for a whole generation of Soviet people\u201d Mc Cauley<\/li>\n<li>1940: working week extended to 6 days, absenteeism (including lateness by 20 mins) punishable by imprisonment<\/li>\n<li>1928, Shakhty, 53 engineers arrested, 11 shot, rest of Gulags and 1933: six British engineers arrested<\/li>\n<li>Value of ordinary workers wages halved between 1928 and 1940, had to compete to become \u201cstakhanovites\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Stalin\u2019s Labour Camps<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Northern areas: drops to -60 Kolyma<\/li>\n<li>1938: 20% die a year \u2013 1936-1950: 12 million dead<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201csurrounded with piles of frozen corpses on three out of four sides\u201d<\/strong> Alexander Solzhenitsyn<\/li>\n<li>1929: 300 000, 1932: 2 million, 1937: 6 million, 1938: 8 million<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Government Quote Bank<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Tsarism<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alexander II (1855-1881)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>So called \u201cTsar liberator\u201d by Count Tolstoy<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201cmost intelligent and humane of Romanovs\u201d but also \u201cindolent, weak and indecisive\u201d according to Hite<\/li>\n<li>Some reforming ministers but also appointed reactionary ministers such as Count Tolstoy, and Shuvalov and reactionary Pobedonostev as tutor to his heir<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Opposition:<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Persecutions in 1870s, virtual war against revolutionaries such as \u201cto the people\u201d \u201cblack partition\u201d and the \u201cpeople\u2019s will\u201d\u00a0 who had flourished due to \u201cfreer political atmosphere created by the Tsars reforms\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Populism dominated radicalism in 1870s,<\/li>\n<li>1874-5 3000 young radicals invaded countryside \u201cto the people\u201d failed over 1600 arrested between 1873-1877.<\/li>\n<li>Foundation by members of \u201cland and liberty\u201d of first worker\u2019s unions in Odessa 1875 and St Petersburg 1878<\/li>\n<li>First assassination attempt in 1866 by student Karakozov, survived attempt in April 1879, December 1879 and February 1880<\/li>\n<li>Achieved very little until assassination of Tsar which only led to more reaction. Could neither destroy nor replace the establishment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alexander III (1881- 1894)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cnatural conservatism enhanced by brutal death of his father\u201d \u00a0reign = the Reaction<\/li>\n<li>Establishes the Okhrana, and 1881: Statute concerning Measures for the Protection of state security and special; order: special courts and increased repression, removal of ministers<\/li>\n<li>14 000 killed by Okhrana under all Tsars<\/li>\n<li>Introduced land captains, to control peasants and overrule the Mir<\/li>\n<li>Weakened revolutionary groups executed Lenin\u2019s brother and four others in 1887.<\/li>\n<li>Pobedonostev had great influence along with Tolstoy and Katkov<\/li>\n<li>Pobedonostev \u201can unintentional destroyer of tsarism\u201d wanted to keep Russia in a \u201cfrozen state\u201d \u2013 tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II and later his chief advisor.<\/li>\n<li>Director General of Holy Synod one of tools of repression. Gives absolutism an intellectual energy. Jewish problem could be solved by killing one third, expelling another third and assimilating the remaining.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cReinforced the natural tendencies of Alexander III\u201d, told him to reject 1881 Loris- Melikov proposals. \u201cactually did more than anyone else to destroy it\u201d\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>1881 defeat of constitutionalist proposals \u2013 no intention of completing the reforms of his father<\/li>\n<li>Russia after 1881 under the Safeguard system. \u201cpolice state\u201d according to Bromley. Rather than a peaceful state. Rigid system of repression due to exile to Sibera\/executions<\/li>\n<li>1890 Zemstva Act and 1892 Municipal Government Act decreased power of Zemstvas, instead it concentrated on improving local services<\/li>\n<li>1884 University Statute tighter control on universities, stress on religion<\/li>\n<li>1887 Decree to prevent children from humble backgrounds \u201cencouraged to abandon the social environment to which they belong\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Perhaps made Tsarism weaker given that he did not reverse any of his father\u2019s reforms, his power was limited to some extent, his measures only changed the nature of reform, contradictory,<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Russification<\/span><\/li>\n<li>1897 census: 55% of population made up of other nationalities<\/li>\n<li>Attempts at unification of Western lands and Trans Caucasus (1860s) and Baltic provinces (1880s) and Finland (1890s)<\/li>\n<li>Mass revolts in Finland, and Bobrikov\u2019s assassination by terrorist in 1904 \u2013 after attempts at russification<\/li>\n<li>Garrison of 100,000 constantly in Poland, revealing about success of this policy yet was important (25% of Russia\u2019s industrial output and 8% of population)<\/li>\n<li>Anti Semitism increases after more tolerant Alexander II. \u201calien forces\u201d according to Nikolai Ignatiev, minister of interior 1881, \u201ca diabolical combination of Poles and Jews\u201d<\/li>\n<li>1881: encouraged series of anti jewish pogroms. Over 600 decrees against Jews including confining them mostly to the Pale of Settlement<\/li>\n<li>1891: 2\/3 of Moscow\u2019s Jewish population expelled.<\/li>\n<li>Failed to strengthen autocracy. Attempt to deal with what Lenin termed \u201cthe prison of peoples\u201d just builds up long term resentment, one of reasons many Bolsheviks were from russified states (Trotsky, Stalin, Khrushchev (Ukraine). Non Russians played disproportionate role in revolutionary groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Nicholas II (1894-1917)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Further racism 1903: just two days Pograms, 47 murdered, 400 wounded<\/li>\n<li>Hans Rogger \u201cNicholas had no knowledge of the world or of men, of politics or government\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Dismissed hopes \u201cfor public institutions to express their opinion on questions which concern them\u201d saw them as being \u201ccarried away by senseless dreams\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Pledged to uphold \u201cthe principle of autocracy as firmly and unflinchingly as my late, unforgettable father\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Russo Japanese war: 27<sup>th<\/sup> May Baltic Fleet loses 25\/35 ships <\/strong>Lack of effectiveness led JN Westwood to question \u201cwhich of the two belligerents was western and which oriental\u201d<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bloody Sunday 22<sup>nd<\/sup> January 1905<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cfailure to adapt politically to the substantial social and economic changes that had taken place\u201d Murphy and Morris<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>War added to military pressure. Peasant unrest since 1902, industrial strikes between 1902 and 1904 in most cities<\/li>\n<li>Demonstration of 150 000 people. Panic leads troops to fire, killing estimated 1000<\/li>\n<li><strong>Richard Charques claims it did more than anything else \u201cto undermine the allegiance of the common people to the throne\u201d.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Gapon \u201cmay all the blood that must be spilled fall on you, you hangman\u201d<\/li>\n<li>February 1905 400 000 workers on strike, 2.7 million by end of the year<\/li>\n<li>Local peasant disturbances: 3228 serious enough for troop intervention and damage of 29 million roubles<\/li>\n<li>First Soviet of 400-500 workers of 5 trade unions\/96 factories seen as a dress rehearsal in the USSR, but only lasted 50 days, more co ordination of strikes than work of socialist leaders<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">How did government survive<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Trotsky: \u201ca constitution has been given, but the autocracy remains\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthe whip wrapped in the parchment of a constitution<\/li>\n<li>1906 fundamental Law \u201crestrictions in both theory and reality\u201d (Service)<\/li>\n<li>Rebellion in Moscow ended with 1000 rebel deaths<\/li>\n<li>In 1907 terrorism kills 1231 officials and 1768 private citizens in attacks<\/li>\n<li>Stolypin \u201cenlightened conservatism\u201d under Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws carried out 825 executions in 1908. Same Article left Tsar power to govern by decree when Duma not in session<\/li>\n<li>1906-1912 600 unions and 1000 newspapers shut down \u2013 assassinations drop to 365 in 1908<\/li>\n<li>First (April\u00a0 1906) survives only 76 days,\u00a0 the Second just three and a half months of uproar<\/li>\n<li>New electoral law of 1907 left 50% of votes in hands of landowners, urban proletariat only 2%, peasantry 23%<\/li>\n<li>Some success: universal primary education adopted after May 1908, 1914 close to 50% complete, involving 7.2 million children. No advance in unis\/secondary<\/li>\n<li>Some open political discussion now tolerated and in the press with political parties, unlike before 1905. To offer that then retain autocracy further was dangerous<\/li>\n<li>Ended dynasty that had ruled autocratically since 1613<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Government Quote Bank<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Communism<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Lenin<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Move to dictatorship and autocracy<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u201cLenin\u2019s bullying tactics would soon lead to a situation where only one man would be left in the party \u2013 the dictator\u201d Figes<\/li>\n<li>Also establishing a \u201cdictatorship of proletariat\u201d when 80% of population are peasants<\/li>\n<li>Coalition with Left SRs from Dec 1917 \u2013 March 1918 \u2013 clearly had opposition, needed allies<\/li>\n<li>Internal conflict: 10<sup>th<\/sup> Party Congress March 1921, ban on all factions, o<\/li>\n<li>At assembly elections, only 24% of vote (although majorities in Moscow and St Petersburg)<\/li>\n<li>Dissolved assembly on 5<sup>th<\/sup> Jan 1918 after demand for subservience was rejected by 237 votes to 137 \u2013 Bolsheviks and left SRs withdrew and sent in Red Guards<\/li>\n<li>\u201cunmistakeably clear that they intended to pay no heed to public opinion\u201d Richard Pipes<\/li>\n<li>March 1919 Politburo of only 5 members replaced Central Committee<\/li>\n<li>Red Army formed in Jan 1918, open to \u201cclass conscious workers\u201d \u2013 50 000 Tsarist officers trained them<\/li>\n<li>August 1919 300,000 increased to 5 million by Jan 1920<\/li>\n<li>Trotsky reintroduces death penalty, regimental councils curtailed to restore discipline<\/li>\n<li>Treaty of Brest Litovsk \u2013 loses Georgia, Ukraine, Lativa, Lithuania, Poland and 26% of population, 32% arable land, 33% manufacturing industry, 75% coal and oil<\/li>\n<li>\u201cwe gained a little time and sacrificed a great deal of space for it\u201d Lenin<\/li>\n<li>Volkogonov, Soviet Colonel General \u201cLenin cannot be accused of personal cruelty. The main argument for the terror was to protect the working class\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201che continued to lean in favour of dictatorship and terror\u201d Robert Service<\/li>\n<li>Trotsky claimed he used it at \u201cevery suitable opportunity\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthe Red Terror constituted from the onset an essential element of the regime. It never disappeared hanging like a permanent cloud over Soviet Russia\u201d Richard Pipes<\/li>\n<li>Offical figure: 6300 conservative at best. Conquest claims 500 000, G Leggat 140 000<\/li>\n<li>Both greater than 14 000 killed by Okhrana<\/li>\n<li>Lenin urged that \u201cenergy and mass nature of the terror must be encouraged\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Foundation used by Stalin, \u201ccosmetic exercise\u201d (Service) when changes to GPU<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Stalin<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Constitution of 1924; other nations could leave if its \u201cnon Russian working class\u201d wished, but could not in reality<\/li>\n<li>\u201ctheir identification with the General Secretary as a forceful practical politican\u201d SE Cohen historian\n<ul>\n<li>1948: purge of Jewish intellectuals, 1952 seeing conspiracies everywhere, Khrushchev \u201cvery distrustful sickly suspicious\u201d. Jan 1953 9 Jewish doctors in Kremlin arrested<\/li>\n<li>\u201cMonarchical power of Stalin\u201d, \u201chad even more personal control than Ivan the Terrible\u201d. Service<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Political Repression<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>By 1922 series of purges had rid party of ideological diversity<\/li>\n<li>Party grew from 1.3 million in 1928 to 3.5 million by Jan 1933 \u2013 but less workers (only 48.6% rest intelligentsia\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Expelled 40 000 party members in 1930s<\/li>\n<li>Great Purge, 1935-8, began with death of Sergei Kirov<\/li>\n<li>Zinoviev, Kamenev and 17 others also arrested with long prison sentences\n<ul>\n<li>Members denounced and accused as \u201cTrotskyites\u201d \u201cZinovievites\u201d \u201ccounter revolutionaries\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Show trails. First in 1936. Trail of 16, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others, all but one confessed, were shot day after<\/li>\n<li>Trail of 17, January 1937, all found guilty. 13 shot<\/li>\n<li>Last\/biggest in March 1938 \u201ctrial of 21\u201d involved Bukharin, Rykov and 19 others, accused of a \u201cTrotskyist-rightist bloc\u201d<\/li>\n<li>According to Soviet writer Nadeszhda Mandelstam \u201cportraits of Party leaders had thick pieces of paper pasted over them as one by one they fell into disgrace\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u201cburned the works of disgraced leaders in their stoves\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Between 1947 and 1952, Politburo and central committee never met, even more dictator after the war<\/li>\n<li>1948 purged Leningrad branch, 1000 officials shot<\/li>\n<li>Alexander Solzhenitsyn \u201cit was like mishandling a detonator- it was the last mistake of your life\u201d<\/li>\n<li>700 000 executed in total<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Secret Police <\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>GPU\/OGPU and NKVD (from July 1934) followed on from Cheka. \u201cin practice it never lacked the power to do whatever it was required to do by the party\u201d historian Leonard Schapiro<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Gulags<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>2 million zeks in 1932, 6 million by 1937, 8 million by 1938\n<ul>\n<li>By 1938 20% of zeks died each year. Between 1936 and 1950 around 12 million died in total<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Repression\/control in the armed forces<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>By 1933 all senior commanders and 93% of officers were party members<\/li>\n<li>Great terror spread to armed forces. Marshal Tuchachevsky, most famous Russian general and several other generals were shot and arrested.<\/li>\n<li>By 1939 every admiral, 3\/5 Red Army marshals and half of all officers in army had been shot<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Society<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1920s: tried to destroy family. Wedding rings abolished, abortion on demand, divorce by request<\/li>\n<li>1934: 37 divorces to every 100 marriages. 154 000 abortions to every 57 000 live births in Moscow<\/li>\n<li>1936 new family law sort of reverse this trend. Tax exemptions for larger families, abortion now criminal<\/li>\n<li>Free health service for all. Holiday pay for many workers + insurance scheme however often had to share flats, few consumer goods<\/li>\n<li>League of militant atheists set up back in 1924. by 1933 had 5.5 million members<\/li>\n<li>1935 education law allowed stricter discipline<\/li>\n<li>Religion: nearly 40 000 Christian churches and 25 000 mosques closed and leaders arrested\/imprisoned. Claimed old Russia must be \u201cceaselessly beaten\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Almost total disappearance of illiteracy. 1939, people aged 9 \u2013 49, 94% in towns, and 86% in countryside could read\/write<\/li>\n<li>Writers had to belong to \u201cunion of soviet writers\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Personality Cult<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u201cred corners\u201d set up in people\u2019s homes with busts of Lenin and Stalin<\/li>\n<li>Newspapers referred to him as \u201cMan of steel, iron soldier, universal genius, shining sun of humanity, granite Bolshevik.<\/li>\n<li>Pravda 1950 \u201cif doubt your abilities, think of him \u2013 of Stalin\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Khrushchev<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Has Beria and others shot on rise to power<\/li>\n<li>only soviet leader to fail internationally, in Cuban missile crisis June 1961, is deposed, goes way of all reformers<\/li>\n<li>relaxed Stalin\u2019s repression and Gulag numbers<\/li>\n<li>Ian Grey, commentator \u201cleaving deep rooted problems untouched\u201d and \u201cnation had drifted in a state of change and turmoil\u201d<\/li>\n<li>On his own reign \u201cthe fear\u2019s gone. That\u2019s my contribution\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Destalinisation \u201cthe thaw\u201d: speech against cult of the individual \u2013 20<sup>th<\/sup> party congress- <strong>\u201cturning point in the USSR\u2019s politics\u201d<\/strong> according to Robert Service<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>YET Gulags, secret police, and collectivisation continue, if to a lesser extent<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Orthodox churches continually punished \u2013 only 7500 left<\/li>\n<li>No greater independence for nationalities, crushes revolts in Poland and Hungary 1956<\/li>\n<li>R Stiles \u201ceasy to underestimate the euphoria that gripped the younger generation\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Khrushchev \u201ctrue we didn\u2019t accomplish everything\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>LYNCH \u201cthe replacement of one form of authoritarianism for another\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Berdiaev on Bolsheviks \u201call of the past repeats itself, and acts only behind new masks\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Russian elections of 2008, Putin as anxious to retain power as those Russian leaders before, indeed autocratic desire through both Communists and Tsars<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Difficulties of Gorbachev in reforming backwards and vast empire led to the end of Communism \u2013 similar to Alexander II and Khrushchev<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Opposition<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dixon argues that Orthodoxy \u201cstarted sending out young student priests to the factories \u201c,<\/li>\n<li>Hans Rogger \u201cthe three props of the system\u201d, orthodoxy, army and landlords<\/li>\n<li>Nicholas I \u201cautocracy, nationality and orthodoxy\u201d compared to Lenin\u2019s \u201cbread, land and peace\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cpeas off a wall\u201d to the people movement<\/li>\n<li>Alexander II JAS Grenville \u201cindolent and indecisive\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Alexander III Simon Dixon \u201cheavy of limb and heavy of brain\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Nicholas II Edward Acton \u201csimply out of his depth\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Turning Points Acton Quotes<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201ca moment when a country\u2019s History turns\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthunderous distinctions\u201d between Tsarism and Communism<\/li>\n<li>\u201cthis should have been their golden moment\u201d for workers in 1917 but it was in fact a \u201cbitter paradox\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Please find below a copy of Ryan Kemp&#8217;s excellent quotation bank from 2010 (You all owe him a drink)&#8230;\u00a0 &nbsp; Serfdom Nicholas I \u201cevil, palpable and oblivious to everyone\u201d 80-90% of Russians serfs KD Kavelin, Russian professor 1856 \u201cthe garden &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/materials-to-support-your-studies\/quotation-bank\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":14,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-143","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=143"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":173,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/143\/revisions\/173"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}