{"id":232,"date":"2011-07-14T14:04:14","date_gmt":"2011-07-14T14:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/?page_id=232"},"modified":"2011-08-31T15:03:26","modified_gmt":"2011-08-31T15:03:26","slug":"agriculture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/extension-by-theme\/agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Tick box Scheme of Work<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/files\/2011\/07\/Agriculture-tick-box-sow1.doc\">Agriculture tick box sow &#8211; Student -friendly<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Agriculture Timeline<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/files\/2011\/07\/Agriculture-timeline1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-400 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/files\/2011\/07\/Agriculture-timeline1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Past Questions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>Old Course<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Exam Season<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Question<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">June 02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">In the period 1855 to 1956 did the Russian people receive better treatment under the Tsarist or Communist governments ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Jan 03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">How far did the living and working conditions of the Russian peasants remain uniformly poor through the period 1855 to 1956 ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">June 04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Examine the view that, throughout the period 1855 to 1956, Russian government regarded the peasantry more as a burden than a help to the development of the state.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">June 06<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">How far do you agree that life for peasants was uniformly bleak in the period 1855 to 1956 ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">June 07<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Assess the view that no Russian ruler in the period 1855 to 1956 succeeded in improving the lives of the peasants.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>New Course<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Exam Season<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Question<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Specimen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">How different socially and economically was Tsarist Russian (1855-1917) from CommunistRussia(1918-1964) ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Jan 10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Assess the view that the lives of the peasants inRussiadid not improve in the period from 1855 to 1964.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">Jan 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Assess the view that economic change inRussiawas more successful under Stalin than any other ruler in the period from 1855 to 1964.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"149\">\n<p align=\"left\">June 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"419\">Assess the view that the condition of the peasantry inRussiawas transformed in the period 1855 to 1964.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Useful Evidence<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Serfdom<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nicholas I \u201cevil, palpable and oblivious to everyone\u201d<\/li>\n<li>80-90% of Russians serfs<\/li>\n<li>KD Kavelin, Russian professor 1856 \u201cthe garden knot which ties together all our afflictions\u201d<\/li>\n<li>51 million serfs in Russia not citizens but property &#8211;\u00a0 no rights, forcing them to marry, be beaten, bought and sold and exiled at the landlord\u2019s discretion<\/li>\n<li>Terrible system: number of incidents. Armed force used 185 times between 1856 and 1860<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Emancipation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alexander II \u201cit is better to begin abolishing serfdom from above than to wait for it to begin abolishing itself from below\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Peasants farmed 20% less land after emancipation<\/li>\n<li>Army service 27 years before, 15 after emancipation, 6 on active service<\/li>\n<li>Count Tolstoy \u201cTsar Liberator\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Historian Westwood \u201cwith the possible exception of Khrushchev, no other Russian ruler did so much to reduce the suffering of the Russian people\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Mosse \u201cAlexander proved himself a disappointing liberal and a inefficient autocrat\u201d<\/li>\n<li>JAS Grenville \u201ca cruel joke\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Failure for the landowners: 248 million roubles used on debts<\/li>\n<li>Redemption cost in black soil roubles was 341 for land value of 289<\/li>\n<li>redemption payments over 49 years, by 1870 only 55% even be able to begin paying<\/li>\n<li>1861: 449 serious incidents of rioting<\/li>\n<li>1861- 1905 average land owned by nobles fell by 41%<\/li>\n<li>700 000 former manorial and military serfs received no land at all<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vyshnegradski<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rural population rose from 50 million to 103 million between 1860 \u2013 1914, 1 million a year growth<\/li>\n<li>Durnovo attributed the slogan \u201cwe shall export and go hungry\u201d to him<\/li>\n<li>Colypin: 400 000 deaths<\/li>\n<li>Bromley: 4 million<\/li>\n<li>Grain exports increase by 18%<\/li>\n<li>850 000 moved to West Siberia between 1895 and 1905<\/li>\n<li>Alexander III: Land captains to oversee the mirs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Stolypin<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Land held by peasantry in 1877 31%, 1917: 47%<\/li>\n<li>1907 \u2013 1916 2.5 million households left the repression of the mir<\/li>\n<li>Number of households becoming independent: 1907: 48 271 1908: 508 344<\/li>\n<li>Machinery appears: 66 000 reapers in Russia, 36 000 in western Siberia<\/li>\n<li>Factory production increases from 13 million roubles to 60 million between 1900-1913<\/li>\n<li>Trebilcock: increased the purchasing power of 160 million peasants by 15%<\/li>\n<li>Wanted to create a \u201cconservative bulwark of the status quo\u201d according to R Hugley<\/li>\n<li>Stolypin \u201cthe government has wagered on the strong and sensible\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Migration encouraged, 2 million migrate between 1906-1909<\/li>\n<li>Political power further restricted by electoral changes to the Duma<\/li>\n<li>Increase in production of some 27% between late 1890s and period 1909-1913<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>First World War<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>9, 150 000 killed, 76.3% of those mobilised vast majority are peasants<\/li>\n<li>First decree of Sovnarkhum 6<sup>th<\/sup> Nov 1917: 540 million acres of land given to peasants from landowners<\/li>\n<li>Lenin wrote \u201cwe must give complete freedom to the peasants to proceed with agrarian revolution in their own way\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>War Communism<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pravda: 25 million below subsistence levels<\/li>\n<li>Figes \u201cthe people\u2019s tragedy\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Lenin \u201ccrusade of iron detachments\u201d to get grain, some as large as 45 000 men<\/li>\n<li>Between 1913 and 1922<\/li>\n<li>Grain harvest 80.1 \u2013 50.3 millions of ton<\/li>\n<li>50% still farm by hand, 20% with wooden plough<\/li>\n<li>Figes \u201cby March 1921 soviet power in much of the countryside had ceased to exist\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Crop area fallen by 20%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>NEP<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acton \u201cgolden age of the peasant\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Grain production 1920: 58% to 1926: 96% of 1913 level and few rural disturbances<\/li>\n<li>Peasant co operatives grew from 14 \u2013 18 million members indicating greater efficiency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Stalin\u2019s collectivisation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 million tons short of grain required to feed the cities<\/li>\n<li>Party conference of October 1927 \u201cdecisive offensive against the kulaks\u201d \u201cliquidate the kulaks as a class\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Stalin \u201cthe collective farm policy was a terrible struggle\u2026 it was fearful. Four years it lasted\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Issac Deutscher \u201cthe first man made famine in history\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Stalin \u201cTransformation of our country from an agrarian to an industrial one\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Robert Conquest: 15 million deaths<\/li>\n<li>1929: 75% peasants, 1960s: 30%, massive social change<\/li>\n<li>Number of pigs falls from 26 to 13.6 million in between 1928 and 1930<\/li>\n<li>Russian female peasant\u00a0 \u201cyou won\u2019t have it the flames will have it\u201d from account of Victor Kravchenko<\/li>\n<li>AGR Smith \u201csecond serfdom\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Chris Ward \u201cno one could challenge the assertion that collectivisation was a tremendous national tragedy\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Consumption of meat per person fell from 25 kilos to 13 whilst cattle fell from 70 to 34 million in between 1928 and 1932<\/li>\n<li>Lynch \u201ca large proportion of the Soviet people were sacrificed on the altar of Stalin\u2019s reputation\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Grain enjoyed a 9% growth rate 1939-1941<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>GPW<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mc Cauley 70 000 Mir\/Kolkozy destroyed, 1\/3 under Nazi rule \u2013 8 million die<\/li>\n<li>Death rate for 8 nations. 47% for deported nations, \u00bd million died<\/li>\n<li>Gestapo killed 90 000 at reprisal at Odessa<\/li>\n<li>Greater destruction that the First World War<\/li>\n<li>1945: 100 million acres less than before outbreak of war<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khrushchev<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>32 million acres under collectivisation by 1955 in Siberia\/Kazakhstan<\/li>\n<li>1956 \u2013 50% of total grain harvest<\/li>\n<li>Sympathised with farmers, talked to them, first peasant born leader<\/li>\n<li>30% of produce from 3% of privately owned land<\/li>\n<li>40% of population still worked land, far more in other countries<\/li>\n<li>Higher prices paid for produce and effort to eradicate rural poverty<\/li>\n<li>500 000 volunteers went West with huge mechanised resources, very different to Stalin and Lenin.<\/li>\n<li>1963 harvest failure in Kazakhstan and traditional grain growing areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Useful Lecture Notes<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/files\/2011\/07\/Smith-were-the-Peasants-ever-free20031.doc\">Were the Peasants ever free really free ? 2003<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Useful terms<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Serf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; a labourer not allowed to leave the land where he works. Do not use the term slave as interchangeable.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mir\/ Obschina<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; peasant land communes. The Mir (a \u201cworld\u201d) was the name given to the peasant community. Collective decisions about land use were made by the peasant elders who were also responsible for the community\u2019s redemption payments and obligations to the state.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>War Communism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; the combination of policies the Bolsheviks introduced to meet the needs of the Civil War was retrospectively labeled a \u201cWar\u201d. \u00a0The result\u00a0 was that the countryside was stripped of its harvest and the 1921 famine followed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>NEP (New Economic Policy)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Introduced by Lenin in 1921, it replaced War Communism by allowing private trade amongst peasants. Ownership of small industrial businesses was also allowed. It was seen as a betrayal of the revolution by hard-line communists but it was a necessary short term solution to appease a riotous countryside and stimulate the economy after the Civil War. As Lenin himself stated, it was \u201cone step backwards, for two steps forward.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kulak<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>-a term (of abuse originally \u2013 like Puritan in our Elizabethan course) derived from the word a \u201cfist\u201d. Kulaks were originally those wealthier than the average peasant because they owned small pieces of land or produced enough to sell for profit or hire labour. Under Lenin these men were sometimes known as NEPmen. Stalin would later use the term to describe any peasants who resisted his drive for collectivisation in the countryside.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<strong>De-Kulakisation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Also known as the \u201cUral-Siberian method\u201d, this was Stalin\u2019s quest to have the Kulaks \u02dcliquidated as a class\u201d and their property seized by the state. As many as 25 million Kulaks were bludgeoned into new collective farms while others were deported or executed. It was the first purge of Stalin\u2019s rule.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kolkhoz<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; a collective farm<strong> <\/strong>under Stalin\u2019s rule<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peasant<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; an agricultural worker. Not be confused with the proletariat, who are specifically the urban working classes. The peasants make up the majority of Russia\u2019s population until Stalin\u2019s rapid industrialisation (and thus urbanisation) in the 1930s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong><\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tick box Scheme of Work Agriculture tick box sow &#8211; Student -friendly Agriculture Timeline &nbsp; Past Questions \u00a0Old Course Exam Season Question June 02 In the period 1855 to 1956 did the Russian people receive better treatment under the Tsarist &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/extension-by-theme\/agriculture\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":229,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-232","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=232"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":402,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/232\/revisions\/402"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/229"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}