{"id":234,"date":"2011-07-14T14:04:32","date_gmt":"2011-07-14T14:04:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/?page_id=234"},"modified":"2011-08-31T15:56:49","modified_gmt":"2011-08-31T15:56:49","slug":"industry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/heathenhistory.co.uk\/russia\/extension-by-theme\/industry\/","title":{"rendered":"Industry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tickbox Scheme of Work<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Industry and Condition of the Workers tick box scheme of Work – student friendly<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Timeline – comparing Industrial activity and exploitation of the workers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Past Questions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Old Course<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Exam Season<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Question<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Jan 02<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

How far do you agree that the impact of Industrialisation onRussiaand its people, both before and after 1917, differed only in extent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Jan 03<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u201cMilitary needs were always the main reason forRussia\u2019s economic development.\u201dTo what extent do you agree with this judgement ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

June 04<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

How far do you agree that the credit for industrialisingRussiain the period 1881 to 1956 can ONLY be given to Stalin ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0New Course<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Exam Season<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Question<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Specimen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

How different socially and economically was Tsarist Russian (1855-1917) from CommunistRussia(1918-1964) ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Jan 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Assess the view that economic change inRussiawas more successful under Stalin than any other ruler in the period from 1855 to 1964.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

June 11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u201cAllRussia\u2019s rulers tried to moderniseRussia.\u201dHow far do you agree with this view of the period from 1855 to 1964.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Useful Evidence<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tsarism<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  • 1855 pop: 70 million, by 1897 126 million<\/li>\n
  • Trade difficult: in 1855 not one port ice free all year round. FIND OTHER GEOGRAPHICALLY SIMILARITIES<\/li>\n
  • Command economy created before Stalin, always designed to protect Russia rather than the ordinary Russians<\/li>\n
  • 1855: only 1.6% of population in towns and cities<\/li>\n
  • 1914: only 2.5 million industrial workers<\/li>\n
  • 1939: 56 million people<\/li>\n
  • Peasants flocking to towns and cities unplanned, unlike under Communism, where centres such as Magnitogorsk planned with determination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Reutern (Alexander II)<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Railways 1600km in 1861, 22 000 by 1878<\/li>\n
    • Rail traffic x 4 between 1865 \u2013 75<\/li>\n
    • 1866 \u2013 1883 tonnage of freight increased eightfold<\/li>\n
    • Foreign investment in 1870s only 100 million roubles<\/li>\n
    • Vodka tax reformed (40% of revenue) made cheaper for peasantry<\/li>\n
    • Banks: precious metal resources only 10.6% value of notes in circulation, by 1876 Reutern improves this to 29%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Bung and Vyshnegradskii<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Vyshnegradskii raised import duties by 33% in 1891<\/li>\n
      • Grain exports raised by 18% as part of \u201cexport and go hungry\u201d<\/li>\n
      • M Falkus pre Witte industry as \u201cpockets in a rural economy\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Witte- \u201cthe great spurt\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • By 1914 the world\u2019s 5th <\/sup>\u00a0biggest\u00a0 industrial power<\/li>\n
        • Growth rate in 1890s just over 8%<\/li>\n
        • \u00a0\u201c(then) our economic backwardness may lead to politcal and cultural backwardness as well\u201d \u2013 Witte<\/li>\n
        • 1900 nearly half of company capital came from abroad<\/li>\n
        • 269 foreign industries by end of century, all but 12 founded after 1888<\/li>\n
        • Value output of all industry doubled in ten years + worker force of 3 million<\/li>\n
        • Railway construction second only to US<\/li>\n
        • Increased foreign investment from 26% in 1890 to 41% by 1915<\/li>\n
        • Value of imports rose from 651.4 million roubles in 1904 to 1106.4 mil roubles<\/li>\n
        • Pop of Petersburg in 1881 928,000 increases to 2,217,500 by 1914<\/li>\n
        • Coal increases from 5.9 million tons in 1890 to 16.1 by 1900,<\/li>\n
        • Railway track 23.6 in 1881 to 56.4 by 1901 (km 000s) more than any other country<\/li>\n
        • Russia\u2019s national income grew by 50% (1894 to 1913) compared to 52% and 58% in France and Germany but 70% in UK<\/li>\n
        • Dependence on foreign capital: 1901-2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2400 firms collapse<\/li>\n
        • 1900: Russia leading oil producer, 1913 only a third of the US<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Military preparedness in 1914<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • 4 million lost in first 12 months<\/li>\n
          • First 5 months, 25% of mobilised army killed<\/li>\n
          • Russian general \u201cin recent battles a third of men had no rifles\u201d<\/li>\n
          • Coal output: 1880-1884 4 million tons to 27 million tons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u00a0Communism<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Treaty of Brest Litovsk- loses 25% population, 25% industry,<\/li>\n
            • Sovnarkom: 12th<\/sup> Nov: decree on work: 8 hr day. 48 hr week<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              War Communism<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Inflation multiplied 1917 costs by 4 million in 1922 \u2013 was welcomed<\/li>\n
              • Dec 1920 population of 40 capitals fallen by 33% compared to 1917<\/li>\n
              • Petrograd fell by 57.5% and Moscow 44.5%<\/li>\n
              • Index of gross industrial output fell from 100 in 1913 to 31 in 1921<\/li>\n
              • Pop of workers fell from 3 024 000 in 1917, to 1 243 000 in 1922<\/li>\n
              • Percentage of those in town fell from 18% to 16% in same period<\/li>\n
              • By end of 1921 famine threatened over 36 million Russians, by 1922 million already dead<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                NEP<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Acton \u201cgolden age of the Russian peasant\u201d<\/li>\n
                • \u00a320 million worth of aid, plus Red Cross= 80 000 tonnes of food<\/li>\n
                • Monthly wage of proles rose from 10.2 roubles in 1921 to 15.9 in 1923<\/li>\n
                • Trotsky \u201cscissors crisis\u201d rising industrial prices and falling agricultural prices<\/li>\n
                • Iron, grain, coal and steel still below 1913 levels<\/li>\n
                • coal goes from 9.5 to 18.1,<\/li>\n
                • steel from 0.4 to 2.1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                  Five Year Plans<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \u201cWe are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. we must make this distance in ten years, either we do this or they will crush us\u201d Stalin 1928<\/li>\n
                  • \u201cthe transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial one\u201d Stalin a \u201ccommand economy\u201d<\/li>\n
                  • \u00a0\u201cengineers, directing the reconstruction of the human soul\u201d Stalin to writers<\/li>\n
                  • \u201cthere is no fortress the Bolsheviks cannot take\u201d Moscow Metro, Magnitogorsk and Dnieprostroi damn given max publicity<\/li>\n
                  • Belomor Canal constructed by 300 000 workers without equipment, 72 000 released, rest sent elsewhere<\/li>\n
                  • Economic growth rate of 5-6%<\/li>\n
                  • Approx 1500 power stations, factories and metalworking plants built in first plan alone<\/li>\n
                  • \u201cMagnitogorsk was a city built from scratch\u201d John Scott, pro soviet communist<\/li>\n
                  • 1940 steel production increased 450%, coal production rose by over 500%, oil doubled, 1940 GNP doubled<\/li>\n
                  • Population Growth rate of 12-13% by time of German invasion<\/li>\n
                  • Urban working class from 11 million in 1928 to 38 million in 1933 (18% of pop in 1926 to 33% in 1939)<\/li>\n
                  • 1926 1.8 million students, by 1938-39 this was 12 million<\/li>\n
                  • Limitations <\/span><\/li>\n
                  • \u201cmany thousands of engineers and technologists to distant concentration camps represented a severe loss\u201d Alec Nove<\/li>\n
                  • Production figures frequently false \u2013 Eugene Zaleski possibly closest unbiased economic analysis available<\/li>\n
                  • Shelia Fitzpatrick \u201cgigantomania\u201d emphasis on quantity over quality<\/li>\n
                  • Success not universal, textiles industries destroyed by collectivisation and consumer goods\/lighter industries neglected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                     <\/p>\n

                    Victory in Great Patriotic War<\/span><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Germans occupy: 63% of coal production<\/li>\n
                    • All men aged 16-55 women 16-45, entire populations to war production<\/li>\n
                    • Military share of budget rose from 29% to 57% (by 1942)<\/li>\n
                    • Between July n Nov 1941, 1503 industrial units had been moved<\/li>\n
                    • \u201cWorkers, office employees, engineers and technicians worked like heroes\u201d GS Kravchenko\u2019s Stalin\u2019s war machine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Cost of the war\/ High Stalinism<\/span><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • GPW leaves 36 million dead, 70 000 villages destroyed, according to M Mc Cauley<\/li>\n
                      • 63 000 km of railway lost, 50% of all urban living space gone, 25 million homeless<\/li>\n
                      • Demanded reparations of $10 000 million and stripped industry, plus labour from 2 million German prisoners of war<\/li>\n
                      • 4th<\/sup> five year plan (1946-1950) and 5th<\/sup> five year plan (1951 \u2013 1955), in all major areas 1940 levels of production had been surpassed by some margin<\/li>\n
                      • steel: 27.3 compared to 18.3<\/li>\n
                      • National income 61% higher than pre war level<\/li>\n
                      • Wages nearly twice 1940 level<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Khrushchev<\/span><\/p>\n